Writing and Printing
The English Phonotypic Alphabet (EPA) is a phonetic alphabet developed by Sir Isaac Pitman and Alexander John Ellis, originally as an English language spelling reform. Although never gaining wide acceptance, elements of it were incorporated into the modern International Phonetic Alphabet. It was originally published in October 1843 in The Phonotypic Journal, a sister publication of The Phonetic Journal, and first "completed" in June 1845 (though there were several subsequent revisions). Further adaptations were published which extended the alphabet to the German, Arabic, Spanish, Tuscan, French, Welsh, Italian, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese and Sanskrit languages.
Art of Birmingham.
Athanasius Kircher.
Text from Wikipedia; plate via Wikimedia Commons. Text CC BY-SA 4.0; plate freely licensed (see Commons). Source record. Images and catalogue data are reproduced from open-access collections.