Writing and Printing

Confucian court examination system in Vietnam

The Confucian court examination system in Vietnam (Vietnamese: Khoa cử, [xʷa˧ kɯ˧˩˧]; chữ Hán: 科舉越南) was a civil service examination system for selecting civil officials. Established in 1075 under the Lý dynasty and lasting until 1919 under the Nguyễn dynasty, this system was heavily influenced by the Chinese imperial examination model. The examinations evaluated candidates' understanding of ethical and political principles in the Confucian classics. Candidates were required to demonstrate literary competence through established classical forms, including kinh nghĩa (經義; exegesis of the classics), thơ - phú (詩-賦; regulated verse and rhapsodic prose), chế - chiếu - biểu (制-詔-表; edicts and memorials) and văn sách (文策; policy essays and discourses).

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See also

• ▸Die Einigkeit
• ▸1214
• ▸Bakhtiari dialect

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